The optimal allocation of the dischargeable waste load to the pollutants is important for improving the quality of rivers. The purpose of this paper is applying some bankruptcy rules, one of the Game theory methods, to allocate the waste load to pollutant sources and attain the standard dissolved oxygen in Zarjub River, Gilan. Based on the proposed framework, a combination of QUAL2Kw model, particle swarm optimization algorithm and bankruptcy rules are used in this research. In this paper, particle swarm optimization algorithm has been used to optimize discharged contaminants from the point and non-point sources to the adjacent river under bankruptcy rules. The conclusion indicated the efficient application of the bankruptcy approach on maintaining the optimal level of oxygen at downstream. According to the research results, CEA and TAL rules discharge less waste load to the river. Also, based on the results methods are dofferentiated according to their appropriateness for high pollutant industries and low pollution industries.

We proposed to use artificial channels in laboratory assays to expose periphyton to substances released in rural environments in order to test the following hypotheses 1) a high concentration of humic substances decreases the biofilm biomass and alters its metabolism; 2) periphyton biomass and metabolism increase in response to nutrient addition in spite of the previous high nutrient concentration; 3) periphyton response to nutrient addition is smaller in the presence of humic acids. Nutrient loading associated with nonpoint pollution often occurs both during and after signiucant precipitation events. Humic acids also increase their levels after rain. This may limit the availability of light and thus, the development of the autotrophic community. However, the influence of these pollutants on periphyton in eutrophic environments may be either modest or too difficult to detect using traditional endpoints. We found that in short exposures: 1) humic substances do not decrease the biomass of periphyton nor alter its metabolism; 2) periphyton biomass and metabolism increase in response to the addition of fertilizer but not to the addition of a single nutrient; 3) periphyton response to nutrient addition is smaller in the presence of humic acids. These finding have implications for river ecosystems as they suggest that changes produced by nutrient inputs into the eutrophic stream could be fast and clearly affect periphyton algae and other related organisms such as grazers and decomposers. In addition, the presence of humic acids decreases these responses.

Non-point pollution is an important factor in determining water quality and eutrophication of fresh water. The principle causes of this issue is high concentrations of nutrients in the water especially nitrogen and phosphorus. Change of land use particularly affected on water nitrate load. Therefore, understanding the correlations between land use and nitrate pollutant is a priority in order to assess pollutants loading and predicting the impact on surface water quality. The soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) were used to simulate nitrate loads in different land cover types in Tajan watershed. Annual nitrate of in output of Tajan watershed varied from 89350 kg to 31070 kg in period from 2001 to 2013. The contributing share of each land use/land cover (LULC) shows nitrate pollutant produced by grassland (5. 7%) and forest (29%) are less than those produced by agricultural land (64%). Agricultural land was identified as the main source of nitrate pollution, and paddy fields and orchards had the most intensive soluble nitrate loss in springer and summer respectively Also, critical subwatersheds for management priority were characterized. The results of this study could be a useful guide in order to preserve and protect the ecosystem of Tajan watershed from more degradation and promote sustainable development in this region.

Recently, to control the adverse effects of agricultural management practices on surface water quality, it is essential to identify factors that affect the pollution of agricultural non-point source pollution. Therefore, the management of agricultural non-point resources pollution and prevention of non-point pollution transmission is one of the important ways to reduce surface water pollution, especially Rivers. In addition to the importance of environmental biology, the Aras River plays an important role in the lives of nearby people. Therefore, the comprehensive modeling of surface water system is a good approach for identifying and determining the amount of nutrient reduction caused by the application of management scenarios and it can be a useful tool to prioritize the design to improve the quality conditions and meet water quality standards in the water body. Therefore, any management strategy before implementation should be simulated in the form of simulated management scenarios and their efficiency. The main purpose of this study is simulation and evaluation of factors affecting on agricultural non-point pollution and the impact of land use management practices, such as land use management and chemical fertilizer consumption management under different scenarios, on reducing the load and improving the impact of non-point pollution and improving water quality on this river 60 km range using MIKE11 numerical model and evaluating their impact on reducing nutrient load. Aras river, the largest river of northern Iran was selected as a case study in this study. The maximum flow in the studied area is 1100 m3/s at Aras dam and 2, 600 m3/s at Moghan Dam site. However, the mentioned values may reach 32 and 180 m3 / s respectively in dry season respectively. In recent years, with the increase of adjacent agricultural land and low flow rates, the load of agricultural pollutant resources has been known as one of the main factors of Aras river pollution. MIKE11 model, a one-dimensional tool with strong hydrodynamic to manage and evaluate the performance of river systems, beals, irrigation canals and … by the Danish hydraulic Institute (DHI) is developed. in this study was used to identify the factors affecting the agricultural non-point source pollution and management of simulation scenarios to reduce river pollution during the study area of hydrodynamic module (HD) module whit advection-dispersion (AD) is used. The main data for hydrodynamic simulations and river quality include topographical maps, irregular triangle network (TIN), land use maps, hydrometer and qualitative studies of the study area from the regional water administration and agricultural jihad in Ardabil province. For hydrodynamic calibration of water level data and also on the research goals and data quality monitoring data, concerning the availability of water quality data, nitrate and phosphate were selected as water quality indices for calibration. The calibration station was used in the parsabad station from May 2007 to May 2008. In this study, Manning's roughness coefficient was used to resist the bed roughness. To investigate the quality of water and to estimate the quality and load estimation of nitrate and phosphate pollution of the river, qualitative parameters were calculated monthly at the river section and a drain stream. Based on the processes governing the nitrate and phosphates and the results of sensitivity analysis in the river, the parameter of the applied fertilizer conversion factor is estimated as a calibration coefficient using the mass equilibrium method of solution in the river. The results showed that the coefficient with Manning's modulus of 0. 35 is better compared with other coefficients. The calibration results of the dispersion coefficient were determined based on the comparison of nitrate concentration and phosphate with the measured value at the parsabad station. Based on the Fisher's relation (Dx = m2 / s) in case a = 66. 2 and b = 0. 52 with RMSE of 0. 81 mg / l and 0. 08 mg / l, respectively, for nitrate and phosphate, respectively. In general, the average runoff run off of the region, % 10 / 2 and %3 / 7 of nitrate fertilizer and input phosphate were calculated. According to the results of the validation, the model performance with Manning roughness coefficient n and runoff coefficients are approved by water levels of nitrate and phosphate from June to December 2008. In this study, land use observations and fertilizer use are used to determine factors affecting the sources of pollution in agricultural land. Agricultural and fertilizer fields were carried out as factors affecting the sources of agricultural pollution in the form of four scenarios in 1993 (scenario 1), 1997 (scenario 3), 2003 (scenario 3) and 2007 (scenario 4). Simulation results show that nitrate and phosphate loads in the aras river output increased from 730/4 kg /s and 58/6 kg /s in 1993 to 814. 3 kg / s and 61. 1 kg / s in 2007. Also, due to the increase in the amount of fertilizer, there has been a significant increase in agricultural pollution in the region. So from 1993 to 1997 (existing conditions) levels of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer in 320 kg / ha and 81 kg / ha in 1993 in 500 kg / ha and 120 kg / ha reached in 2007. Due to the above results, land use and fertilizer have a significant impact on the load of agricultural pollution; therefore, in the next step, it will be carried out to implement the measures of land use management and fertilizer. According to Aras River, agricultural water supplier 3 ranges (aslanduz, cultivation, industry and parsabad), the area land use was divided into 3 domains. In the scenario of land use management, when agricultural planting is reduced, nitrate and phosphate loads have been greatly reduced in the Aras river output. in the first scenario, nitrogen and phosphorus charges were estimated at land use 540/72 kg / s and 50/83kg / s respectively. also, nitrate and phosphate loads were decreased by 34 % and 16 / 8 % in comparison to the existing conditions, so it could be concluded that the reduction of non-point pollution due to low-level reduction of agricultural land. 4 scenarios were simulated to implement fertilizer management efforts. in scenarios 1 and 2 non-point pollution loads are reduced compared to the conditions available due to the decrease in the amount of fertilizer. however, in scenario 3 and 4, with increasing load loading, the load contamination of agricultural non-point pollution was significantly increased. In the scenario 4, given that the amount of fertilizers increased to 1. 5 times. the nitrate and phosphate loads were also increased to 18/02 and 8/51 times as compared to the existing ones. Therefore, due to the results, the increase in the amount of fertilizer leads to more nutrient loss. this study was conducted under different scenarios to investigate the effect of management strategies to reduce river water pollution in the aslanduz to parsabad. first, the factors influencing the pollution of agricultural pollution in the study area were then determined the effectiveness of management measures to control agricultural pollution with MIKE11 model. management practices were carried out in the form of land management scenarios and fertilizer. Managerial practices were carried out in the form of land management scenarios and fertilizer. different amounts of nitrate and phosphate were directly proportional to the use of land use and land use. simulation results show that the effect of different scenarios of fertilizer and land is similar in reducing the nutrient load of the same river. so as to reduce the cultivation area under cultivation, pollution charges have been reduced and the maximum contamination of non-point pollution with 34 % in nitrate has been reduced. also, with an increase of 1. 5 times the amount of fertilizer compared to the present situation, the nitrate increased by 18/02 % with the highest change

Non-point source (NPS) pollution has been increasingly recognized as a major contributor to the declining quality of aquatic environment in recent years. Because of the data shortage, the non-point source loads estimation in the large-scale watershed is always difficult in most developing countries. In this study, small-scale watershed extended method (SWEM) was introduced with a case study in the middle part of Three Gorges Reservoir Region (TGRR). Small-scale watershed extended method is the method which uses physical-based models in some small typical catchments of the targeted large watershed, and then the parameters obtained from those small catchments are extended to the surrounding area until the non-point source pollution loads in the entire watershed or region are obtained. The selected small catchments should have sufficient data. Here, the middle part of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, about 12, 500 km2, was chosen as the targeted region for the case study. In this region, considering the data availability, Xiaojiang River was screened as a typical watershed and was simulated with Soil and Water Assessment Tool model through accurate parameter calibration and validation. And then the parameter group obtained in Xiaojiang River Watershed was extended to the entire study area to quantify the total non-point source pollution loads. After which, the spatio-temporal characteristics of the non-point source pollution in the middle part of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region were analyzed, as well as the pollution from each tributary and different under layer surface conditions. The small-scale watershed extended method provides a practical approach for non-point source pollution loads estimation in the large-scale watershed or region.

Surface water quality has a far-reaching impact on the human health and aquatic ecosystems. The sources of surface water pollutions include Point Source (PSP) and Non-Point Source Pollution (NPSP). The action of Identifying the point source and non-point source pollutions is critical to evaluate surface water quality and major pollutant sources in a watershed. In this study, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to investigate the influence of PS and NPS Pollution on the water quality. The model was calibrated for the period 2000-2009, and then it was validated for the period of 2010 to 2011. The values of Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (ENS) and R2 for simulations of flow and nutrient loads range from 0. 84 to 0. 96 for calibration period, while they vary from 0. 69 to 0. 85 for the validation period used for flow simulation. The statistical results revealed that the SWAT model simulated the monthly flow and nutrient loads satisfactorily in Seimareh watershed. Also, SWAT model was used to identify the critical source areas (CSAs) of sediment, TN and TP at the watershed level. SWAT model identifiedof 9 sub-the watershed (33% of total watershed area) as CSAs for TN and TP. The sub-watersheds 1, 6, 10, 17, 21, 22, 25, 26 and 29 were identified as CSAs of TN and TP while most of these sub-watersheds were also identified as sediment CSAs. Then, the model was also used to simulate the impact of Best Management Practices (BMPs) at controlling nutrient losses. Major BMPs implemented were reducing chemical fertilizer application, and building a filter strip along the river bank. The result of WQI demonstrates that water quality at the upstream is generally better than the downstream with higher level of nutrient loads. Also, the seasonal variations WQI clearly indicates the summer and autumn season as the critical time period for nutrient loads within the watershed. The result showed that the BMP scenario reduced the pollutant losses compared to the baseline condition, and the greatest reduction in the nutrient losses was observed in the filter strip located along the river with percentage reductions of 68%, 36% and 39% for sediment, TN and TP, respectively. Overall, this study helps our understanding of the status of water quality and the role of the best management practices (BMP) options to improve water quality.

The term "Non- Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)" is applied when sonographic and pathologic view of liver shows alcoholic hepatitis changes without history of alcohol consumption. Radiologic findings can easily make the diagnosis and liver biopsy confirms the initial suspicion. It is showed that up to 43.5% of patients with asymptomatic abnormal liver transferases levels have some degrees of NASH, which suggest the importance of being familiar with the issue and how to approach and treat it. NASH is commonly accompanied with diabetes mellitus (especially type II), obesity and hyperlipidemia. These findings support the theory in which insulin resistance is the mainstay of NASH pathophysiology. The natural history of NASH is unclear but surely it is far better than alcoholic related liver disease. It is estimated that up to 8% of patients would meet cirrhosis, considering risk factors such as obesity and features found in biopsy specimen. Steatosis, polymorphonuclear lobular inflammation, ballooning degeneration, hyaline- Mallory bodies and cirrhosis are among different pathologies seen in biopsy. It is important to rule out other chronic liver diseases including drug induced liver disease, chronic viral hepatitis, and metabolic and autoimmune liver diseases to establish the diagnosis of NASH. There is no definite treatment for NASH. Therapeutic measures are categorized as reducing risk factors and using hepatocellular protective agents. The former includes weight reduction, treating hyperinsulinemia and diabetes, control of hypertriglyceridemia and leptin. Protective agents are anti-oxidants like vitamin E and/ or C, probucol, silymarin, ursodeoxycholic acid, reducing iron load, N-acetyl cystein, food supplements and cytokines. Increasing rate of NASH is reported among children and adolescences, which could be due to growing amount of obesity in these age groups.

Background: The most frequently used test for evaluation of fetal health is the Non Stress Test (NST). Unfortunately it has a high incidence of false positive results. The combination of vibroacoustic stimulation with the NTS has been shown to reduce non reactive results.Methods: A tests assessment method was chosen with a simple randomized sampling. 40 pregnant women with non reactive NST in the first 20 minutes who received VAS in one of Tehran University's Hospitals were compared with BPP scores. A vibroacoustic stimulation was applied for a 3 seconds on the maternal abdomen and fallowed within 10 minutes. Data collection tools were NST, sonography instruments, NST result paper, tooth brusher, watch, demographic questioner and check list. Data analysis was made by descriptive static and by using the Fisher's Exact Test (with level of significant at p<0/05). All statistical analysis were performed using an spss/win.Results: After VAS, 70% of non reactive tracing became reactive. All cases with fetal reactivity response after a VAS had a subsequent BPP score of 8 (negative predictive value of 100%). False positivity of VAS was lower than NST.Conclusion: VAS offers benefits, by decreasing the incidence of non reactive test and reducing test time. VAS lowers the rate of false positive NST. VAS is safe and allows more efficient of prenatal services. This test could be used as a rapid antepartum test to predict fetal well-being.